Electromagnetism is the force produced when an electrical current flows through a simple conductor such as a piece of wire or cable
A small magnetic field is created around the conductor with the direction of this magnetic field with regards to its "North" and "South" poles being determined by the dirction of the current flowing through the conductor.
Magnetism plays an important role in Electrical and Electronic Engineering because without it components usch as relays, solenoids, inductors, chokes, coils, loudspeakers, motors, generators, transformers, and electricity meters etc, would not work if magnetism did not exist.
The Nature of Magnetism
Magnets can be found in a natural state in the form of a magnetic ore, with the two main types being Magnetite also called “iron oxide”, ( FE3O4 ) and Lodestone, also called “leading stone”.
Magnetic material in the non-magnetic state has its molecular structure in the form of loose magnetic chains or individual tiny magnets loosely arranged in a random pattern.
The overall effect of this type of arrangement results in zero or very weak magnetism as this haphazard arrangement of each molecular magnet tends to neutralise its neighbour.
Magnetic Molecule Alignment of a Piece of Iron and a Magnet
Weber’s theory is based on the fact that all atoms have magnetic properties due to the spinning action of the atoms electrons. Groups of atoms join together so that their magnetic fields are all rotating in the same direction. Magnetic materials are composed of groups of tiny magnets at a molecular level around the atoms, and a magnetised material will have most of its tiny magnets lined up in one direction only to produce a north pole in one direction and a south pole in the other direction.
This ability of a material to retain its magnetism is called Retentivity.
Magnetic Flux
All magnets, no matter what their shape, have two regions called magnetic poles with the magnetism both in and around a magnetic circuit producing a definite chain of organised and balanced pattern of invisible lines of flux around it.
The shape of this magnetic field is more intense in some parts than others with the area of the magnet that has the greatest magnetism being called “poles”. At each end of a magnet is a pole.
magnetic field is strongest near to the poles of the magnet were the lines of flux are more closely spaced. The general direction for the magnetic flux flow is from the North ( N ) to the South ( S ) pole. In addition, these magnetic lines form closed loops that leave at the north pole of the magnet and enter at the south pole. Magnetic poles are always in pairs.
However, magnetic flux does not actually flow from the north to the south pole or flow anywhere for that matter as magnetic flux is a static region around a magnet in which the magnetic force exists. In other words magnetic flux does not flow or move it is just there and is not influenced by gravity.
Magnetism can be destroyed by heating or hammering the magnetic material, but cannot be destroyed or isolated by simply breaking the magnet into two pieces.
The Magnitude of Magnetism
the number of lines of force within a given unit area is called the “Flux Density” and since flux ( Φ ) is measured in ( Wb ) and area ( A ) in metres squared, ( m2 ), flux density is therefore measured in Webers/Metre2 or ( Wb/m2 ) and is given the symbol B.
flux density is given the unit of the Tesla after Nikola Tesla so therefore one Wb/m2 is equal to one Tesla, 1Wb/m2 = 1T. Flux density is proportional to the lines of force and inversely proportional to area so we can define Flux Density as:
$$Magnetic Flux Density, (tesla) = \frac{Magnetic Flux, (weber)}{Area, (m^2)}$$
The symbol for magnetic flux density is B and the unit of magnetic flux density is the Tesla, T.
$$B=\frac{\phi}{A} in Teslas$$
The symbol for magnetic flux density is B and the unit of magnetic flux density is the Tesla, T.
Magnetism Example No1
The amount of flux present in a round magnetic bar was measured at 0.013 webers. If the material has a diameter of 12cm, calculate the flux density.
The cross sectional area of the magnetic material in m2 is given as:
$$Diameter = 12cm$$
$$\therefore Area = \pi r^2$$
$$Area = 3.142\times0.06^2 = 0.0113m^2$$
The magnetic flux is given as 0.013 webers, therefore the flux density can be calculated as:
$$B=\frac{\phi}{A} = \frac{0.013}{0.0113} = 1.15T$$
So the flux density is calculated as 1.15 Teslas.
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